The Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms - 2016 Words

Freedom of expression, set under section 2(b) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, is one of Canada’s most valued rights in the bill of rights of the Constitution. It has paved the way for the society in which thirty-five million people reside today. With this level of influence and admiration, it is truly a fundamental right. However, many ground-breaking cases have illustrated the need to limit freedom of expression. A prime example is the landmark case that took place in 1990 surrounding high school teacher, James Keegstra. This Supreme Court case touched mainly upon two sections of the Charter, and one section of the Criminal Code of Canada. These two sections in the Charter included section 1 (reasonable limits), and†¦show more content†¦These requirements are listed in section 319(3) of the Criminal Code.16 Out of the four requirements Keegstra most blatantly failed to meet section 319(3) (c) which states, â€Å"if the statements were relevant to a ny subject of public interest, the discussion of which was for the public benefit, and if on reasonable grounds he believed them to be true.†17 His personal feelings against Jewish people, in no way, serve to benefit the public, which in this case is his students. James Keegstra’s main reason for violating the Criminal Code, and failing to meet the requirements of section 319(3) is because of his capacity as a high school teacher. At trial, Keegstra’s lawyer made an argument that section 319(2) violated his client’s right to freedom of expression.18 The judge disagreed for the reason that the Charter provides equal security and advantage of the law, free from discrimination of race,Show MoreRelatedThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1617 Words   |  7 Pages Since its inception in 1982 the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, very much like its primary architect Pierre Trudeau, has been one of the most celebrated yet controversial element s of Canadian politics and governance. Revealing how this dynamic emerged requires a nuanced understanding of the motivation behind the Charter and the techniques it employed to succeed. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, like the entire patriation process, was motivated by and mobilized support throughRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1613 Words   |  7 Pages The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms simply referred to as the â€Å"Charter†, is a significant document in regards to the Canadian constitution. Its primary aim is to uphold individual rights and freedoms and promote equality in administering justice. However, its passage in 1982 has led to increased controversies given that the Charter gives courts more power in interpreting its provisions while sidelining the legislature (Boyd 118). This means that the advent of this Charter was the end ofRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms840 Words   |  4 PagesThe Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is an important milestone in Canadian history. An effort through rigorous debate and compromise gave birth to this document that defines our collective values and principles by guaranteeing and protecting the fundamental rights of its citizens. Prior to the Charter, there was no gurantee in Canada that rights and freedoms would not be taken away by legislation. T he Charter also allows courts to render the constitutional duty so that any decisions made areRead MoreCanadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1888 Words   |  8 PagesThe Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms protects the rights of Canadian citizens and provides them with assurance that all Canadians will be treated equally under the law. The Charter claims to guarantee rights and freedoms, fundamental freedoms, democratic rights, mobility rights, equality rights, language rights, legal rights, and enforcement rights, and Aboriginal rights. Although the Charter claims to guarantee the rights and freedoms of Canadian citizens, the government is still able toRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1258 Words   |  6 PagesThe Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was established in 1982 and was put into place by the Trudeau government. The purpose of the Charter was to protect the rights of Canadian individuals and to establish independence from Britain. However, o ne section of the charter sparked much controversy, this was section 33, also known as The Notwithstanding Clause. The purpose of this clause was to allow the state to override a right protected by the charter, for various reasons. These reasons includeRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1531 Words   |  7 PagesBasing the Basics on a Belief in Something Bigger The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, implemented in 1982 outlines the rights and freedoms that Canadians have as citizens of this country. In this paper I will ask whether we need such a charter, whether we can trust the interpretation of the Charter by the Supreme Court and how the Charter balances power in a democratic way. I will then contemplate the foundational place morality holds in the lawmaking process. In all of this I argue thatRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1386 Words   |  6 Pagesprinciple by entitling an accused of even the most heinous crimes to civil liberties and processes as not to compromise the criminal trial process. A fair trial is an intrinsic right of all members of society making it fundamental to our being, and is ergo ensured to us all under s.11 of the Canadian Charter of Rights Freedoms. Provided with other preemptive measures to guarantee justice is achieved in the criminal trial proceedings. Additionally, the courts help facilitate an understanding of theRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Right And Freedom1225 Words   |  5 Pagescriminal and family justice system has become very complicated, slow and extremely expensive for majority of Canadians. These issues are particularly glaring to low income earners, people with disabilities and other minorities. Canadian justice system have become incapable of providing solutions that can addressing problems brought to it. With the creation of the Canadian charter of right and freedom, access to justice became more of an equality issue. It moved from simply being the capacity to litigateRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms1504 Words   |  7 PagesThe Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms(CCORAF) Guarantees a Free and Democratic Society The Charter of Rights and Freedoms upholds the individual rights of all Canadians. Agree or disagree with the following statement. The Charter is part of Canada’s constitution; the highest law of Canada, which sets out the framework for how Canada is to be governed. The CCORAF sets out those rights and freedoms that Canadians feel are necessary to maintain Canada as a free and democratic community. The CharterRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms883 Words   |  4 PagesRainbow Nation of South Africa in 1994, the first democratically elected government was tasked with drawing up a new constitution that would properly enshrine the human rights that had so long been denied the majority of citizens. One source drawn upon in developing the new constitution was the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, itself then little more than a decade old. It is not necessary to be a constitutional scholar to detect many similarities between the two; indeed, Canada’s pride in this

How Workplace Is Necessary And Part Of Doing Business

Workplace diversity is a popular topic in today’s workforce. Many companies today accept that diversifying the workplace is necessary and part of doing business in today’s global economy. Though more and more companies are embracing diversity for because they have to or believe that they should, Pitney Bowes has been doing so for decades. Though there were many forces for and against diversity in the early years, the diversification initiatives implemented and continued by Pitney Bowes has given them an advantage in employees, clients and global participation. The social landscape regarding diversity has changed over the decades Pitney Bowes has been in business. Their diversity and inclusion efforts have been in place before the civil rights movement and long before affirmative action became a ubiquitous term (article). Any person or company acting outside the norms of the day will have forces for and against their strategies. Many of the forces against Pitney Bowes we re addressed in the early days of their diversity integrations. One of the biggest challenges working against Pitney Bowes in their diversification efforts was noted early on in their history. In 1942, CEO Walter Wheeler admitted that there were certainly instances where human nature and prejudices were likely to have prevented an eligible applicant from obtaining employment with Pitney Bowes (cite article). In spite of, or rather because of this fact, Wheeler put the onus on the Personnel Department toShow MoreRelatedWorking Group And Employees Training1299 Words   |  6 Pagesrelated to business. making into company training that makes gets greater, stronger, more complete employees in the direction of in the long run living goals can also get business started greater complex business pleasure. A more pleased worker is likely to not go longer and be more tendency to produce while on limited stretch of time. Carter writer there are a great number of starting points of connected information about training and development for directors of work to control of business trainingRead MoreChange and Culture Case Study 21738 Words   |  7 PagesMusoke HCS-514 June 3, 2013 Change and Case Study II When two companies merge, upper management has many decisions to make about the organization, from what the mission statement will be, to what type of goals they have in mind to how many employees will be necessary to accomplish the goals. In the beginning, it is important to blend the two cultures and create the new organization. Six months after the merger of Cypress Creek Hospital and Clovis Community hospital, it was important to determineRead MoreGlobal Operations Management1015 Words   |  5 PagesManagement Abstract The world offers significant business opportunities for every company, however, opportunities are accompanied by significant challenges for managers. Managing global operations across diverse cultures and markets represents a big challenge and opportunity for companies. To compete in the global market and be successful, companies must learn the strategies, policies, norms and technology necessary to conduct international business. The opportunities for global expansion are numerousRead MoreThe Importance Of An Undergraduate Business Management Student1535 Words   |  7 Pages In the ever-changing business world, a key component to the productivity within the workplace is communication. As an undergraduate business management student, an important part of communication is understanding the difference between maintaining the faà §ade of an authoritative figure or maintaining a friendly relationship with employees and how it would affect the attitudes, behaviors, productivity and quality of work. In order create a successful workplace environment, finding and establishingRead MoreEffective Time Management: Identifying and Correcting Time Wasters1112 Words   |  5 Pagesmethod of collaboration, this means the potential of being a busier business professional. Within a business management system, there is the constant need of needing to have effective time management within the organization. A key priority to effective time management is to identify and correct time wasters. One type of time wasters is an external environment. External time wasters are interactions that occur between two business professionals. The interactions can be between anyone outside andRead MoreCharacteristics Of A Good Manager1294 Words   |  6 Pagesmanager should have in order to perform well in the workplace. The first managerial skill is teamwork because the individual should be able to contribute, negotiate and resolve conflict effectively in a team with others members and leaders. The second skills are self-management which is the ability to have a strong ethical reasoning, tolerance of others and most important to meet the obligations of the workplace. Thirdly, leadership forms part of the management skills because managers need to haveRead MoreWhy You Should Not Be At The Workplace Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pagesbusinesses, I’ve learnt the laborious manner that the foremost necessary factor isn t being busy, however rather to figure on the correct things. In such a outlook a vacation really AN investment, not a ruined price, Here ar ten reasons why you furthermore may can’t afford to not take a chance this summer: 1. the planet doesn t stop as a result of you allow the workplace. In my initial company i assumed I had to be at the workplace perpetually. Now, 5 corporations later, i do know that the planetRead MoreEssay on Managing Diversity in the Workplace1207 Words   |  5 Pageswe can help make the world safe for diversity. Diversity in the Workplace: Benefits, Challenges, and the Required Managerial Tools1 Kelli A. Green, Mayra Là ³pez, Allen Wysocki, and Karl Kepner2 Introduction The worlds increasing globalization requires more interaction among people from diverse cultures, beliefs, and backgrounds than ever before. People no longer live and work in an insular marketplace; they are now part of a worldwide economy with competition coming from nearly every continentRead MoreEssay about Professional Dress Code in the Workplace1690 Words   |  7 PagesProfessional Dress Code in the Workplace Rosaura P Bernal EN 306 – Nadia H Morales Park University The first impression is a lasting impression whether it is at the office, a party, a lunch date or an interview. What you wear to these events can be either a positive impression or a negative one. That is why I think it is very necessary to have a professional dress code in the workplace if your place of employment is that of a professional setting such as a bank or even an insurance companyRead MoreDiversity Training And Its Effectiveness1240 Words   |  5 Pagesemployee contributes to the workplace. Diversity training and its effectiveness in the workplace has been met with differing conclusions as to the positive or negative impact this type of training may have on an organization. Today, change in the workplace is inevitable and diversity training in the workplace has become common across the globe. Companies now realize that the need for diversity training has increased tremendously and that if diversity is not valued in the workplace, cost and productivity

Should Marijuana Be Legalized (1396 words) Essay Example For Students

Should Marijuana Be Legalized? (1396 words) Essay Should Marijuana Be Legalized?The controversy of legalizing marijuana has been raging for quite a while in America. From some people pushing it for medical purposes to pott-heads just wanting to get high legally. Marijuana has been used for years as a popular drug for people who want to get a high. All this time it has been illegal and now it looks as if the drug may become legal. There has been heated debate by many sides giving there opinion in the issue. These people are not only left wing liberals either. Richard Brookhiser, a National Review Senior editor is openly supportive of medical marijuana yet extremely conservative in his writing for National Review (Brookhiser 27). He is for medical marijuana since he used it in his battle with testicular cancer. He says I turned to when I got cancer because marijuana gives healthy people an appetite, and prevents people who are nauseated from throwing up. (Brookhiser 27) Cancer patients are not the only benefactors from the appetite enhancer in marijuana, but so are any other nauseous people. Arizona and California have already passed a law allowing marijuana to be used as a medicinal drug. Fifty Six percent of the California voters voted for this law. Weve sent a message to Washington, says Dennis Peron. Theyve had 25 years of this drug was, and theyve only made things worse. (Simmons 111) The Arizona proposit ion garnished an even wider margin of separation between the fores an against in a sixty five percent support tally. Ethan Nadelmann insists that these propositions are not about legalization or decriminalization. Theyre about initiating some non radical, commonsense approaches to drug policy. General Barry McCaffery disagrees saying, I dont think this was a medical issue from the start. (Simmons 111) He also calls the new laws, a tremendous tragedy. The federal government has a hard time letting the California/Arizona act stand. Marijuana is a schedule one drug, and has no medicinal purpose. Cocaine and morphine on the other hand are schedule two and do have medicinal value. Gen. McCafferey says a physician who tries to prescribe a schedule one drug with or without the referendums in California or Arizona, is subject to prosecution under federal law. (Simmons112) This quote has come under great duress since the DEA is the only group which can arrest someone who uses pot and slap someone with a petty misdemeanor. People will not care if they run the risk of a misdemeanor and likely use the drug anyway. Dennis Peron, one of the leading activists of marijuana legalization, has devoted twenty years to the legalization of marijuana. He says that when friend Jonathan West, developed AIDS, Dennis saw the potential uses for medical marijuana when he saw Jonathan feel better after smoking weed. (Rist and Harrison 75-76) Peron fought wildly to pass a bill to legalize medicinal marijuana. Any other drug that eased nausea, increased appetite, and reduced pain, would be prescribed everywhere. says Peron. (Rist and Harrison 75-76) A Harvard Medical psychiatrist calls the drug a wonder drug for pain, nausea, and appetite. However, there are many cons to the pros in prescribing marijuana for nausea and pain. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the active drug in marijuana used to help relieve nausea in cancer patients. This THC has been proven to lower testosterone in the blood stream for men. (Angier 15) This is not a major concern to full grown men because the level of testosterone quickly rises back after the smoker is done smoking. However, it may be harmful to adolescent boys. In adolescence, a boys body is going through many changesit grows taller, it gets hairier, the voice deepensand these changes are controlled by testosterone. Marijuana could very well block the normal growth process. says Carol Smith, of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences in Bethsheda Maryland. Columbia university did a study on 16 men who smoked five to fifteen joints a day. After they finished smoking their sperm counts were counted. It was discovered that all of the men experienced a dip in sperm count for weeks after and had malformed sperm cells. This could cause some serious malformations in conceived children. Studies were done on female rhesus monkeys who have very similar body chemistry to human women. The monkeys were injected with doses of THC. The menstrual cycles of the monkeys were greatly disrupted and some stopped ovulating altogether. Says Smith, Nothing we have ever tested including oral contraceptives, has as radical an effect on the menstrual cycle as marijuana does. The hormones in men and women are definitely thrown off by marijuana use. (Angier 15). .ub6280b7eba872923ce26875bab887f2d , .ub6280b7eba872923ce26875bab887f2d .postImageUrl , .ub6280b7eba872923ce26875bab887f2d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub6280b7eba872923ce26875bab887f2d , .ub6280b7eba872923ce26875bab887f2d:hover , .ub6280b7eba872923ce26875bab887f2d:visited , .ub6280b7eba872923ce26875bab887f2d:active { border:0!important; } .ub6280b7eba872923ce26875bab887f2d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub6280b7eba872923ce26875bab887f2d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub6280b7eba872923ce26875bab887f2d:active , .ub6280b7eba872923ce26875bab887f2d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub6280b7eba872923ce26875bab887f2d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub6280b7eba872923ce26875bab887f2d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub6280b7eba872923ce26875bab887f2d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub6280b7eba872923ce26875bab887f2d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub6280b7eba872923ce26875bab887f2d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub6280b7eba872923ce26875bab887f2d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub6280b7eba872923ce26875bab887f2d .ub6280b7eba872923ce26875bab887f2d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub6280b7eba872923ce26875bab887f2d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Old Man Warner EssayAnother drug found in marijuana, is called cannabidiol, or CBD. This drug is used as an anti-epilepsy drug. It does not completely cure epilepsy, but in lab tests on rats, the frequency and severeness of the seizures were greatly reduced in all of the rats (Natalie Angier16). In studies done on humans at the Paulist School of medicine in Sao Paulo, Brazil, CBD greatly reduced the seizures in four out of eight people in the study. Even in large doses, CBD does not have psychoactive effect on the user. It is the most promising chemical yet discovered in marijuana. says Mechoulam, If CBD works so well in epileptics, then it could work as well to cure chron ic migraineanother neurological disorder. (Angier 16) If this drug is to be used, it is best to be used in pure form instead of in joint form so as not to risk lung cancer. With all of the controversy surrounding marijuana legalization, it will take quite a while to become legal in all fifty states for medicinal purposes. However with all of the supporters of marijuana it probably will become legal in a dozen or more states by 2005 says Rolling Stone. There are several pros and cons to be weighed out over whether marijuana is a product which should be legal in a country that already has so many legal vices available to it. If the Food and Drug administration were to put some real tests up to show the value of marijuana it would be beneficial to people on both sides of the legalization lines. Even though there have been people who could have benefited from the use of marijuana, there are several other people who would claim symptoms they did not have in order to purchase this drug in order to get a high. Legalization would also put a big chink in the DARE program and their say no to drugs campaign. It would tell kids, that it is all right to do some kind of drugs. Hopes of legalizing the drug could be dashed if the Food an Drug Administration were able to prove that marijuana did have drastic side effects that drastically outweigh the advantages. The issue of the legalization of it will be a topic that will be argued over several times in the years to come. OutlineI. Thesis StatementA. What is MarijuanaII. Different sides supportA. Richard BrookhiserB. Tells some of the benefits of medical purposesIII.Arizona and California passed medical billA. Dennis Peron main supporterB.Gen. McCaffey gives his viewsIV. Marijuana has no provable usesA. Gen. McCaffery threatens anyone who prescribes the drugB. DEA is the only group which can prosecuteV. Dennis Peron is one of the leading activistsA. Perons friend died of AIDSB. Harvard psychiatrist cals it a wonder drugVI. Many cons to marijuanaA. THC can cause problems in adolescent boys and any women1. Could block the normal growth processB. Columbia University did a study of sperm count in dope smokers2. Possible malformations in children because of deformed spermC. Womens bodies are seriously altered because of dope useVII. CBD is a good treatment for epilepsyA. Does not have psychoactive effectB. Best used in pill formVIII. EndingBibliographyWorks CitedThe California Marijuana Vote. New Yorker23 Dec 1996: 62+. Brookhiser, Richard. Pot Luck. National Review11 Nov 1996: 27+Simmons, Michael. Give Pot a Chance. Rolling Stone26 Dec 1996: 111+. Rist, Curtis and Harrison, Laird. Weed the People. People21 Oct. 1996: 75+. Funk and Wagnalls Volume 23 Marijuana1996Baum, Dan. Californias Separate Peace. Rolling Stone 30 Oct. .uc72c62184e1eabad7cf20ea48d7279aa , .uc72c62184e1eabad7cf20ea48d7279aa .postImageUrl , .uc72c62184e1eabad7cf20ea48d7279aa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc72c62184e1eabad7cf20ea48d7279aa , .uc72c62184e1eabad7cf20ea48d7279aa:hover , .uc72c62184e1eabad7cf20ea48d7279aa:visited , .uc72c62184e1eabad7cf20ea48d7279aa:active { border:0!important; } .uc72c62184e1eabad7cf20ea48d7279aa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc72c62184e1eabad7cf20ea48d7279aa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc72c62184e1eabad7cf20ea48d7279aa:active , .uc72c62184e1eabad7cf20ea48d7279aa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc72c62184e1eabad7cf20ea48d7279aa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc72c62184e1eabad7cf20ea48d7279aa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc72c62184e1eabad7cf20ea48d7279aa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc72c62184e1eabad7cf20ea48d7279aa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc72c62184e1eabad7cf20ea48d7279aa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc72c62184e1eabad7cf20ea48d7279aa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc72c62184e1eabad7cf20ea48d7279aa .uc72c62184e1eabad7cf20ea48d7279aa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc72c62184e1eabad7cf20ea48d7279aa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Effects Of HIV Mutations On The Immune System Essay1997: 43+Brookhiser, Richard. Lost in the Weed. U.S. News World Report 3 Jan. 1997: 9Buckley, William Legalization of Marijuana Long Overdue The Albuquerque Journal. Online. 8 June 1993. Government Essays

Observation and Child free essay sample

Observation report instructions: carry out three observations of the same child, one must be timed, one written and the other your own choice. In all the observations you must look at the childs physical, language, and social skills and ultimately their overall cognitive development. The report must be written up in the format: abstract, introduction, method, results, discussion and analysis. In the discussion and analysis you must tie together what you have observed with the theory of what would be expected of a child of the appropriate age. The report must contain the following: Abstract: where you outline briefly what you did and why, what you found and the recommendations, Introduction: include information about the child observed, discuss the reasons for observing, assessing young children, ethical considerations, the use of norms, cultural bias etc. Methods: where you explain the methods used, reasons for choice, limitations, strengths and weaknesses. Results: evaluate the childs holistic development, list the three areas of development, physical, social and language, discuss the links between these areas, refer to the stages of development and child development theory in making your udgments. We will write a custom essay sample on Observation and Child or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Discussion: summarize your findings, make recommendations for the childs learning and development. Bibliography Overall: mention why is it important to observe young children, what might the information be used for? What rights does the child have when being observed. Abstract Observation is a popular research tool that is used to study the behaviour of children; renowned theorists such as Wgotsky, Piaget, and many more child physiologists have used this tool for their research, allowing them to come up with significant insights, resulting in theories that continue to influence psychology and ducation today. Observation has been one of the best tools for research. Observation is very effective as a means to perform initial exploration of an area which can then be further studied using more focused methods. It is also useful in the end stages of a study as a means of checking information collected in a different way. In this study, the researcher employed three observation methods on a sixyear old male. The observations used were timed, controlled and participant observation. The observation was conducted in the hopes of detecting any Portfolio of Child Observations | 3 evelopmental delays in the child, and come up with possible solutions in the event that some delays are noted. In particular, the study focused on three domains: cognitive, affective, and physical. But aside from these domains, other important details such as the childs interests were discovered through observation, and thus were able to assist the researcher in developing teaching strategies that can help the subject overcome his delays. Introduction In the United Kingdom, children enter early childhood programs at a much younger age than children in other countries. As such, standard forms of assessments have ot been normally used for this age level. (Blenkin Kelly 1992, p. 24) Things changed in the late 1980s when the Education Reform Act was ratified. Under this act, assessment became mandatory for children finishing ending pre-school or early childhood grades before they formally enter elementary. This posed a challenge to early childhood teachers because the rate and breadth of development at this developmental stage makes it difficult to design an appropriate standardized assessment instrument that would address all these variables. In so far as early childhood education is concerned, there are two things that must be taken into onsideration: the how and what of assessment; how the assessment will be conducted and what should be actually assessed in the young learner? (Teale 1988, p. 175) In early childhood education programs, observation has been one of the most the preferred means of assessment. Observation provides an unobtrusive method to check for student learning, and by extension, assess whether the instructional strategies that were used have been effective or not. Observation has been is very effective because it provides and assessment tool that is developmentally- appropriate, particularly for very young learners. Pahl 1999, p. 112) At their developmental stage, young learners do not respond well to standard written or even examinations and to force it upon them to comply with requirements will only result in mis-testing and subsequent misdiagnosis (Pahl 1999, p. 23), which defeats the purpose of assessment. In young children, observation as a formative assessment tool is very effective regardless of the time of administration. It can be used to perform initial exploration of an area which can then be further studied using more focused methods. It is also useful in the end stages of a study as a means of checking nformation collected in a different way (Sapsford Ju pp 2006, p. 58) Observations can provide information on the behaviour of young learners as they go about their daily tasks inside the classroom. Teachers should pay special attention to details and note any unconscious behaviour which may indicate learning or signs that point towards readiness for learning or lack thereof. (Fisher 1999, p. 5) Given the advantages ot observation in assessing young learners, this paper will conduct an actual observation of a young learner, detect any problems, and log all the insights and realizations that the observation has made resulted in. Method Portfolio of Child Observations | 5 The subject is a six-year boy studying at a private-owned nursery school in the heart of North London. The subject is from Iraq and has two older brothers, aged 8 and 10. For this observation portfolio, three observation methods were chosen: the controlled observation where the researcher creates a scenario to induce or stimulate the behaviour to be observed; the participant observation where the researcher is involved in the scenario whilst the observation is taking place; and timed observation where the observation is done over a course of time. The last method of observation is ideal because it gives a picture of the childs behaviour in the context of a bigger picture. This timed observation functions like a Journal that will capture not Just the behaviour, but the circumstances surrounding the behaviour concerned like where the child was, what the child was doing, who the child was with, and other important details that contributes to a more thorough analysis of the observation logs. The methods were chosen because given the situation, they were the most appropriate to the study at hand, especially in forming an initial assessment of the child and reating a baseline profile of the subject. These observations will be limited only to behaviours manifested at school, and thus cannot capture the childs actuations at home and in other areas aside from the school setting. To ensure the validity and reliability of results, care must be taken so that observation will take place in the most natural setting, and the subjects are unaware that their behaviours are being monitored. In controlled settings, this means that while the observer sets up the scene, the scenario is realistic and as close to what the child encounters in his normal activities at school. This research will treat all data with utmost confidentiality and respect. Data gathered will only be used for the specific purpose of the research and the researcher will not disclose any information that is not pertinent to the subject at hand. Observations will be strictly conducted only on areas, activities, and behaviours that are related to the study at hand. Because the subject is a minor, express permission to conduct the observation will be asked from the parents or guardians. Of course, the subject was also informed that such an observation will be conducted on his person and the researcher will provide ll the necessary information needed to help decide whether to participate in the study or not. In order to keep the observations as natural and honest, the actual people need not be informed that they will be observed on this specific day or time. In these cases, ethical considerations may affect the patency and honesty of the subjects, so ethical considerations should be weighed carefully against the importance of the data being collected. Observation, by nature is deceptive (Musante, 2002, p. 198) because if it were known beforehand, then the data will be faked or unnatural, and this defeats the purpose t the observation. However this is not to say that observation must be unethical. T subjects must have informed consent. All the participants in this research will be informed of observations, but the exact nature and specific details will not be given to them. However, this is not a big problem with children because they are naturally candid, but care must always be taken that observation be done as inconspicuously as possible. However it must be said that this is not a big problem with children because they are naturally candid; but care must always be taken that Portfolio of Child Observations | 7 bservation be done as inconspicuously as possible. Results The subject was chosen as subject for observation because reports say that he has been lagging behind his other classmates. This researcher then started making an observation plan, wherein an investigation can be made about the subjects learning problems without interfering in his normal behaviour. The observations were focused on developmental domains, namely the cognitive, social, and physical aspects of the young learner. The following are some of the observations made: COGNITIVE Through a combination of controlled observation and timed observation, the student hows some developmental delays in the cognitive domain, specifically in the following skills: CLASSIFICATION SKILLS The student is not able to discriminate the characteristics of color and shape. OBJECTIVES: Demonstrate recognition by classifying and grouping objects according to the specific criteria. Recognize and distinguish various physical characteristics of objects. The timed observations were held over a course of one month, with two sessions held every week, without any pattern or schedule. The random set-up was chosen so that the child will not be able to detect any pattern to the observation. These timed bservation sessions were held for thirty minutes. AFFECTIVE Using free and descriptive method of observation, it was noticed that the child is showing some problems with socialization. O SOCIAL SKILLS The student has some problems with peer socialization. He exhibits impatience and is unable to delay satisfaction, especially in terms of having his own way. These traits are more acceptable in younger children, but should be more controlled given his age of six years old. Most of the time, as shown by the subject prefers to be alone than mingle with his classmates. However, during the times that he chooses to socialize, he seems to be ell-liked by his peers. But generally, the subject is very shy and is an introvert. In most cases during the observation, the subject seems to be distracted, especially during the lessons. His thoughts seem to be somewhere else. PHYSICAL The subject does not show any physical disabilities or weaknesses. He engages in physical activities with gusto and often has high levels of energy characteristic of children his age. The childs fine and gross motor skills, based on the observation reports, show that the subject is on track as far as his physical development is concerned. Further observation has shown that the child seems very keen on animals and seems to respond to anything that has something to do with living creatures. This presented me with the opportunity to design a fun learning activity wherein I incorporated animals in all aspects of the lesson, from phonics, to counting, to encouraging play and socialization. The subject quickly responded and was able to pay attention to the lessons in class. He was able to keep pace from there on. Since then, all the lessons always involved some animals in some form or the other. One Portfolio of Child Observations | 9 ay, the subject approached me and told me that he loves our classes and is learning so much in the few hours that we spend together. Little does he know that I designed my instruction around his interest; something that I would not have been able to do if I did not conduct any observation about the child. In my own experiences, I have found that observation as a type of formative classroom assessment is one of the most effective ones to use, especially where young learners are concerned. Observation is unobtrusive and provides a more holistic view on the student, and not Just focusing on one particular skill or domain lone as some tests tend to do. The discreet nature of observation addresses the young childs need to have a deep sense of safety inside the classroom. Because children do not know that they are being assessed, then they will not feel threatened (Smidt 1998, p. 2). Moreover, observation provides a more integrative and comprehensive type ot tormative assessment, as the student is assessed in terms ot the bigger picture. It is also more authentic because children are assessed within the context of their normal, day-to-day activities. Discussion As an educator, I firmly believe that observation must be a standard practice in early hildhood programs, especially as a tool for formative assessment. No other assessment technique can provide instantaneous feedback and response. Upon observation, teachers can make instant instructional revisions depending on what has been observed right then and there. Fawcett said that observation is an essential skill for anyone working with children. (2003, p. 5) Observation provides fundamental and crucial data that helps decide further action as far as the child is concerned. This further action may simply involve the refinement of instructional strategies, or may call for intervention measures and the involvement of specialists Fawcett 2003, p. 5). Observation allows teacher to make early intervention procedures that can make a significant difference in the childs life. In the subjects particular case, the insights that came from observation led to the discovery of the childs interest. By leveraging his love and interest for animals, we were able to design lessons that will attract and sustain his interest in the lessons. This created a cascade of changes in the child. As he began paying attention to the lessons the child was able to participate more in class activities. This newfound sense of self- onfidence also carried over to his affective or social skills. He shows a marked improvement in being able to socialize and relate with his peers. While he still keeps to himself at times, he shows more interest in his peers and is more comfortable with people of other ages. His shyness may be an innate characteristic of his personality, and is something that may Just be a function of his racial and cultural background. What is more important is that his confidence is being developed and strengthened. It may be said that the delays in some cognitive and affective domains are a result of he childs shyness. Once his passion was discovered, it was easy to develop lessons that will cater to his interests, and by doing so, cater to his cognitive and socialization needs as well. The improvements in the domains where he once exhibited some delays mean that the observation insights were on target, and the resulting solutions were effective. It is hoped that as the subjects grows older, these domains would have developed enough so that he will no longer need any adoptive Portfolio of Child Observations | 11 strategies and that his renewed interest in learning will stay with him for the rest of is life. Analysis Observation has constantly provided a fuller, richer picture of each and every young learner inside the classroom. Proper analysis of my observation logs has provided insights that would not have been available otherwise or through conventional testing. As a result of these regular observations, instructional strategies can be adopted in order to make it more responsive to each ot learners needs and specific capabilities (Bee Boyd 1999). Through observation, teachers are able to know their students more in so far as their educational profile is concerned, and as a result, are ble to create lessons and choose materials that are more engaging and interesting for them. In my case, this creates a cycle wherein my observations help me create a classroom full of busy and engaged students, which in turn provides me with more opportunities for observation. Aside from instant feedback and intervention, another advantage of the observation method is that teachers are able to create profiles in several developmental and cognitive domains at the same time. For this to be possible, it is important that pre- school or early childhood teachers be well-grounded on developmental milestones uch as cognitive, social, physical, and emotional domains. Shonkoff Meisels 2000, p. 72) If observations show that a student is exhibiting marked and persistent developmental delays, then proper diagnosis and early intervention can be given. Similarly, observation provides teacher with the basis for planning a curriculum that is more responsive to the students individual. A child may have advanced physical skills but have weak cognitive skills, then some measures can be taken so that the child becomes a balanced individual. The weaknesses will be attended to without neglecting other aspects of development. Of course while observation is very valuable in this regard, care must be taken in using it. Observation without discernment and interpretation is empty and useless. Only when these observations are carefully analyzed can they have any real value for both the teacher and the student. From your observations, you should be able to make informed inferences which can then help you make decisions about your teaching principles. How and what the students learn is a reflection of how you teach, and by interpreting your observations, you can then adjust how you teach to better facilitate student learning. In this regard, teachers must always have a heightened sense of awareness and perception about their students because this sensitivity will allow the teachers to make appropriate responses and feedback to their students. Indeed, the ability to make keen and insightful observations is a skill that every teacher should have. Because students, especially the very young learn through experience, actual observation of their behaviour is the best way to gather information about your students. Observation is non-threatening because the students are not aware that you are taking note of their behaviour. More importantly, observation is very accurate ecause students act in their most natural environment, without any affect or pretensions. (Berk 2002, p. 14) Perhaps one of the best times to undertake an observation assessment is during playtime when children have full ownership of their Portfolio of Child Observations | 13 time and learning experiences. (Smidt 1998, p. 2) Research leans towards observation and profiling of early learners rather than using graded tests for assessment. (Blenkin Kelly 1992) Of course it is not as simple as it seems. A lot of the work that goes into observation goes to the actual task ot observing. As a teacher, now would you ensure that every hild is properly observes at the most appropriate time? How do we make sure that we are objective in our observations? How do we choose which data is important and how do we eliminate unnecessary informati on and focus on the most salient data? All of those things should be taken into consideration when doing observation. During the actual observation, all our senses must be engaged, we do not stop at looking, we listen and feel as well, even as we are constantly aware of our own thoughts and feelings about what we are observing, consciously ensuring that our observations are not colored by personal biases. One of the best ways to go about an observation task is to have specific guidelines like focusing on particular skills and competencies or observing only during certain times or activities. After that has been determined, the next step is to design the documentation form, whether they will be in the form of anecdotal reports, checklists, rating scales, or portfolios, or a combination of some of these types of observation logs. The choice of which type to use depends on the skill being observed and for what purpose. How your observations are recorded is important especially because these records can be used a few years after to check or progress or as basis for profiling. Once the documentation has been designed, the last factor to be considered is the actual analysis of the observation and what will be done about these findings. This is the most important part because any observation, objective and accurate as they may be is useless if it is not used to improve the existing situation. After all, that is the reason why observation was done in the first place, to provide a feedback mechanism where teachers can base their instructional decisions on a regular basis, taking adoptive measures whenever necessary. Once we become used to observing our students, we refine our sensitivity, and observation becomes second nature to us. Observation becomes like second instinct and we can easily note details without being conscious about it. However which way the observation is done, what is important is that it is done with a specific purpose and strategy. Indeed, it can be more complicated and time-consuming than any other form of assessment, but the insights that teachers get and the resulting benefits that it gives the child makes it more rewarding and worth it in the end. Fawcett, M 2003, Learning through child observation, 6th edition, London,